A parking structure can cost anywhere from $28,000 to $100,000+ per space, however there are many factors that will affect this number.

Above grade structures built with modular parking structure methods, like the Kiwi CarPark System, are typically $28,000 – $35,000 per space.

However, there is more nuance to answering the question “How much does it cost to build a parking structure?”

Understanding Cost

First, let’s discuss what we truly mean by “cost.” For the purpose of this article the costs will be turn-key and include: design (architect and consultants), engineering, fabrication, shipping, construction on site, and commissioning of the building. It includes earthworks and siteworks within the footprint of the building, assuming that services are brought to within 4 feet of the footprint. It includes the foundations. It does not include costs associated with site plan application, permit fees, or development charges. These can be managed by the Design-Builder; however they vary from city to city.

The costs presented in this article assume fair soil bearing conditions, no contamination issues and adequate site access for a mobile crane. We also assume a Design-Build approach (or Progressive Design-Build) and the use of modular parking structure construction methods.

We can present average costs as either “$ per square foot” or “$ per space.” The issue with the $ per space figure is that it depends on how efficient the parking layout is.

The driving metric in parking structure cost will be the “average square feet per parking space.” If you want to reduce construction costs, you want to reduce this number. The most cost-effective square footage is the space you eliminate. Therefore, if you have an efficient building layout you will reduce the average square feet per space.

What is the average square feet per parking space in a parking structure?

A well-designed parking structure will result in an average of 300-350 sf per parking space. Any higher than this and there is likely some optimization to be done on your layout.

How much does it cost to build an above grade Parking Structure

An above grade parking structure is built so that the parking levels are above the ground. Typically, they are considered “Open-Air” structures, which has many benefits for cost and construction. You can learn more about open-air parking structures in our blog. Above grade structures will be the most economic parking structure option.

An above grade structure typically costs $80-$100 per square foot of Gross Floor Area (including the ground floor). Therefore, if you average 300-350 sf per parking space, an above grade structure will cost roughly $28,000 – $35,000 per space.

How much does it cost to build a below grade parking structure.

A below grade parking garage is an underground facility designed for vehicle storage, typically constructed beneath a building or open space.

Building a below grade parking garage requires comprehensive site analysis, including geotechnical and soil condition studies to ensure stability and suitability for excavation. Structural design must account for retaining walls, waterproofing, drainage systems, and load-bearing capacity to support the above structures. Construction involves excavation, shoring, foundation laying, and installation of ventilation, electrical, and fire safety systems. Additionally, adherence to local building codes and environmental considerations, such as stormwater management, is essential​​​.

This makes underground parking significantly more expensive to build.

Below grade parking garages typically cost $170 – $350 per square foot. This is assuming that excavations go well and no unforeseen circumstances are discovered.

Therefore, if you average 300-350 sf per parking space, underground parking will cost roughly $60,000 – $120,000 per space.

If you are below the water table, dewatering can add extensive cost as well.

Interested in getting a quick budget price for your parking structure project? Use our budget cost calculator:

Factors that Influence the Cost of a Parking Structure

There are several main factors that will affect the overall project cost for your parking structure. These are important to understand prior to starting the process so that you can avoid costly decisions early on in the process.

Project Procurement Method

The costs indicated in the previous section assume a Design-Build (or Progressive Design-Build) project delivery model. If “Design-Bid-Build” is used, you can expect the whole project to take at least twice as long and cost 40-60% more.

The Design-Build model streamlines project delivery by combining design and construction under one contract, enabling collaboration, reducing delays, and facilitating the use of modular and prefabricated methods. These approaches, specifically designed for parking structure construction, allow for efficient off-site fabrication and rapid on-site assembly, further accelerating timelines and controlling costs.

In contrast, Design-Bid-Build separates these phases, requiring a lengthy bidding process and often leading to miscommunication, change orders, and extended timelines. The integration in Design-Build allows overlapping phases, minimizes administrative costs, and optimizes construction efficiency.

Parking Structure Construction Methods

Parking structures can be constructed using several methods, each with its own advantages depending on project requirements, budget, and site conditions.

There are three main construction methods for parking structures in North America

Cast In Place

This method requires significant on-site labor and time, with heavy structural components that demand large, costly foundations.

Precast Double-Tee

Though faster than cast-in-place, the heavy concrete pieces necessitate substantial foundations and careful logistics for transport and assembly, limiting overall efficiency.

Prefabricated Panel and Beam

Utilizing lightweight precast UHPC panels and galvanized steel beams, this method reduces foundation requirements, accelerates construction, and enhances flexibility without compromising strength. Our Kiwi CarPark System uses this approach.

Parking Layout Efficiency

Maximizing parking density by minimizing the average square footage per parking space allows more vehicles to fit within the same footprint, reducing the overall size and cost of the structure. Efficient layouts with well-designed drive aisles and parking configurations make the most of the available space, ensuring cost-efficiency without sacrificing functionality.

Reducing floor-to-floor heights further cuts costs by lowering material requirements for columns, walls, and vertical construction. Incorporating ramped floors instead of dedicated ramps saves additional space and materials, eliminating the need for separate ramp structures while improving vehicle flow. These design strategies not only reduce construction expenses but also enhance the efficiency and usability of the parking structure.

Site Conditions and Geotechnical

Site conditions and geotechnical factors play a critical role in determining the cost of a parking structure. Soil bearing capacity influences the size and complexity of the foundations; poor soil conditions may require deep foundations, pilings, or soil stabilization, significantly increasing costs. Lighter structures, such as those using the prefabricated panel and beam method, are advantageous as they require smaller, simpler foundations, reducing excavation and material expenses.

Soil contamination is another major factor, as remediation efforts, such as excavation, treatment, or replacement of contaminated soil, can drive up project costs. Additionally, groundwater levels may necessitate waterproofing and drainage systems, while sloped or irregular terrain could require extra grading and retaining walls. Conducting a thorough geotechnical analysis early in the planning phase is essential to identify and address these challenges effectively.

Façade

Parking structures offer nearly limitless façade options, ranging from simple concrete finishes to elaborate designs using glass, metal panels, or decorative cladding. These choices will affect the project costs, with basic façades being more economical and high-end materials or custom aesthetics adding to the budget.

Parking Structure façade selection allows customization to suit design and budget goals.

Project Goals and Building Design

Several design decisions can significantly influence the cost of a parking structure project. For instance, opting for a below-grade structure instead of an above-grade structure can substantially impact costs while still achieving the same project goals.

Similarly, adding additional functionality on top of an above-grade structure, such as offices, can also drive up costs. While this might seem appealing, it would eliminate the possibility of an “open-air” classification, requiring the structure to be designed as an “above-grade enclosed” facility instead. Refer to the table above for more details.

Additional Optional Costs

• Elevators: Not required by code, but convenient for multiple levels.
• Security Systems: Includes cameras, motion sensors, and monitoring stations.
• Panic Stations: Emergency call systems for enhanced user safety.
• Gate Arm Bars: For access control and revenue collection.
• High-Speed Doors: Often used in climate-controlled or secured parking facilities.
• Enhanced Lighting: Advanced LED systems or decorative lighting for improved visibility and aesthetics.
• Signage: Digital or static wayfinding and parking guidance systems.
• Optional Roof: To protect parked vehicles and users from the elements, adding both functionality and cost.
• Solar Panels: Installed on rooftops to reduce energy costs and support sustainability.
• Charging Stations: For electric vehicles, becoming increasingly common in modern facilities.
• Landscaping: Around the structure to improve aesthetics and comply with local regulations.
• Water Retention Systems: Includes cisterns or infiltration galleries to manage stormwater runoff and promote sustainability.

Final Thoughts on Parking Structure Costs

The cost of a parking structure depends on factors like construction method, site conditions, and design choices. By understanding these variables, you can make informed decisions and avoid unexpected costs.

The best way to get an accurate budget is to contact us at Kiwi Newton with details about your site.

Our team can help you make the right decisions from the start, ensuring your project is efficient, cost-effective, and meets your goals.

Reach out today to get started!